Presented at Broadband Wireless Networking and Services' class on December 6th, 2008 by Petry Purenia (9676063).
Pervasive networks
11 years ago
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
Monday, October 27, 2008
3GPP Long Term Evolution
This is summary 3GPP Long Term Evolution from www.wikipedia.org
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next step forward in cellular 3G services. LTE is designed to meet carrier needs for high-speed data and media transport as well as high-capacity voice support well. Many methods employed in LTE are relatively new in cellular applications. These include OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). LTE employs OFDM for downlink data transmission and SC-FDMA for uplink transmission. LTE is a leading OFDMA-based, wireless mobile broadband technology supported by a new Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. Designed from the ground up to provide interoperability and service continuity with existing UMTS networks.
- OFDMA on the DL and SC-FDMA on the UL
- Advanced antenna techniques (MIMO, SDMA, Beamforming)
Monday, October 13, 2008
History of Cellular Technology
This first-generation (1G) analog network may have been cutting edge at the time, but it soon became notorious for its iffy call quality. These are the analog cellphone standards that were introduced in the 1980s.
In the 1990s, 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems such as Globa System for Mobile (GSM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) began to be introduced. 2G phone systems were characterized by digital circuit switched transmission and the introduction of advanced and fast phone to network signaling. These second-generation (2G) networks spread voice calls across several wireless spectrums, making for more reliable connections that are much harder--though not impossible--for hackers to intercept. More importantly, CDMA and GSM networks are also capable of sending a sliver of data along with voice signals, making possible for such features as text messaging (SMS), caller ID, and conference calling.
Not long after the introduction of 2G networks, projects began to develop third generation (3G) systems. 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology. It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the IMT-2000. 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services, include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks which evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access and video telephony.
During the development of 3g systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. The terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was invented for marketing purposes only.
4G is the short term for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will supercede the third generation (3G). While neither standards bodies nor carriers have concretely defined or agreed upon what exactly 4G will be, it is expected that end-to-end IP and high-quality streaming video will be among 4G's distinguishing features. Fourth generation networks are likely to use a combination of WiMAX and WiFi. 4G technologies are sometimes referred to by the acronym "MAGIC," which stands for Mobile multimedia, Anytime/any-where, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless and Customized personal service.
The evolution of 3G
Services and Speed
In the 1990s, 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems such as Globa System for Mobile (GSM), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) began to be introduced. 2G phone systems were characterized by digital circuit switched transmission and the introduction of advanced and fast phone to network signaling. These second-generation (2G) networks spread voice calls across several wireless spectrums, making for more reliable connections that are much harder--though not impossible--for hackers to intercept. More importantly, CDMA and GSM networks are also capable of sending a sliver of data along with voice signals, making possible for such features as text messaging (SMS), caller ID, and conference calling.
Not long after the introduction of 2G networks, projects began to develop third generation (3G) systems. 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology. It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the IMT-2000. 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services, include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone networks which evolved to incorporate high-speed internet access and video telephony.
During the development of 3g systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. The terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was invented for marketing purposes only.
4G is the short term for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will supercede the third generation (3G). While neither standards bodies nor carriers have concretely defined or agreed upon what exactly 4G will be, it is expected that end-to-end IP and high-quality streaming video will be among 4G's distinguishing features. Fourth generation networks are likely to use a combination of WiMAX and WiFi. 4G technologies are sometimes referred to by the acronym "MAGIC," which stands for Mobile multimedia, Anytime/any-where, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless and Customized personal service.
The evolution of 3G
Services and Speed
Why cellular is better than broadcast?
Cellular and Broadcast networks address different usage scenarios. Broadcast technologies will clearly address concentrated demand for the most popular content. Cellular networks provide a dedicated connection which enables carriers to offer personalized content, niche "long-tail" channels and integrated mobile-commerce.
Traditional content distribution networks can bring IP content to the edge of the cellular network. This solutions bring caching closer tot the edge of the cellular radio network need to be developed. In addition, cooperation with broadcast systems can put additional load on the uplink of cellular networks, without limiting normal mobile services; hence, revenues for cellular operators are increased.
Broadcast is a "killer application" in mobile video entertainment. Broadcast overlays are beginning to emerge. It's bring issues with cellular vs broadcast coverage disparities. Operators believe broadcast TV alone will not result in very strong average revenue per user (ARPU) growth. For increase the growth, broadcast need interactive applications over cellular network. These interactive services are recognized as the value-added service for broadcast networks that will ensure profitability in the long run. The combination of broadcast systems with a mobile return channel could enable new service models, especially if mobility is also taken into account in the broadcast system.
Traditional content distribution networks can bring IP content to the edge of the cellular network. This solutions bring caching closer tot the edge of the cellular radio network need to be developed. In addition, cooperation with broadcast systems can put additional load on the uplink of cellular networks, without limiting normal mobile services; hence, revenues for cellular operators are increased.
Broadcast is a "killer application" in mobile video entertainment. Broadcast overlays are beginning to emerge. It's bring issues with cellular vs broadcast coverage disparities. Operators believe broadcast TV alone will not result in very strong average revenue per user (ARPU) growth. For increase the growth, broadcast need interactive applications over cellular network. These interactive services are recognized as the value-added service for broadcast networks that will ensure profitability in the long run. The combination of broadcast systems with a mobile return channel could enable new service models, especially if mobility is also taken into account in the broadcast system.
Why 2G is faster than 1G?
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog, voice-only cellular telephone standard. 2G stands for the second generation of mobile wireless communication technology, which uses the digital technologies for the mobile communication. It allows slow data communications, but its primary focus is voice.
I think why 2G is faster than 1G because digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwith.
Another advantage using 2G are the digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets, the digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase sound quality by reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor, the lower power emissions helped address health concerns, and going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email.
I think why 2G is faster than 1G because digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwith.
Another advantage using 2G are the digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets, the digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase sound quality by reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor, the lower power emissions helped address health concerns, and going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email.
Homework, 10-4-2008
3. Describe a short history of development of cellular technology from 1G to 3G with a prediction of 4G and beyond.
History of cellular techonolgy
History of cellular techonolgy
Tuesday, September 30, 2008
Comment on "Serious Potential in Google’s Browser"
As the title of the article said "Serious Potential in Google’s Browser", based on my experience using Chrome there is a potential in Chrome. There are some advantages in Chrome that IE 8 (the newest edition of IE) and Firefox doesn't have, such as animation when moving the tabs or make the tab as a new window, each tab has its memory, cover its contents if there's a bug then won't infects the other tabs open at that time.
When the browser start slow, we can check which website that eats a lot of memory by using Task Manager. Because Chrome makes each tab independently. The speed of using Chrome and Firefox almost need the same time, but compare with IE 8, I think Chrome faster twice like the article said.
The interface of Chrome is simply but almost powerful like Firefox. No main menu only two buttons, about file and settings. Then only has one toolbar for bookmarks. I think this interface makes Chrome faster.
The other advantage of Chrome is when type an url, Chrome give suggestions about the url type on the address bar. This advantage makes users save time for typing urls. Chrome also save history about the pages that ever visited and when open a new tab or window, there will be nine mini boxes show what pages that usually users visit.
This Chrome sometimes not works on some website. For example, in a website which is contains movie (not Youtube), Chrome can't play the movie. The movie is using swf player, maybe Chrome doesn't have plug-in of swf. This will be correction for Chrome developer update the browser and will be become powerfull or like the title said 'Potential'.
Overall, Google's web browser, Chrome, give a good point in the earlier version. More faster and easy to use.
Monday, September 29, 2008
Chrome vs Firefox
Comparing the performance of Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox has purpose which one is good to use, faster, and user friendly.
Reflect from windows Task Manager, Firefox eats a lot of memory. For Chrome, each tab we open has its own memory. This is the advantage using Chrome that it is ability to handle tabs in independent processes which means a browser or plugin bug, or an incorrectly coded web page can’t take down the whole browser, but just that tab or plugin alone.
Picture above is from my notebook (Intel 2GHz 2MB L2 Cache, 1 GB DDR2) and open the same website on Chrome and Firefox.
When open youtube, blogspot, msn, yahoo, they need almost same time to open. From my experience when open youtube, Chrome faster in buffering rather than Firefox. Sometimes Firefox said "We're sorry, this video no longer available", but in Chrome the same address can play the video. For the others example, they are almost the same when using Chrome or Firefox. Then, I tried another address which is for watch movies on both web browser. On Firefox the url works, but on Chrome it wasn't work only show a text said "[global loading]". I think because Chrome doesn't have plug-in (for this case is swf player) now, not like Firefox which is integrate with swf player. Maybe, Google will come new update with more integration inside the browser.
In addition, the interface between Chrome and Firefox is different. Chrome more snappy, it doesn't have main menu, status bar is overlaid at the bottom when needed, just like the find bar; no search bar which is integrated with the location bar, it has a new tab button, it has cool animations when accessing the bookmarks toolbar or moving tabs which definitely helps feel the browser more responsive.
Homework, 9-27-2008
1. Install Google Browser Google Chrome and Firefox 3.0, try a few websites and compare their performance. For example, youtube, blogspot, msn, and yahoo.
2. Subscribe to our course website by Google reader, put the Google reader block on your iGoogle.
Done, as the image below.
3. Comment on the article Serious potential in Google's Browser
4. Watch the video recording of Larry Page's "Broadband for the future."
done.
Monday, September 22, 2008
Kai-Fu Lee, www Conference Talk 2008, "Cloud Computing"
Cloud computing is an abstract server and move anywhere and scalable. Cloud computing is the future of computing.
What do peoples want from internet? Peoples want freedom, want their data anywhere they are. They want easy to learn and easy to use, especially their own data to be secure and not lost. People are using cloud services to find, share, create, and organize information. Cloud computing will be accessible not only on PCs but also telephones, automobiles, televisions, and appliances.
There are 4 attributes that solves users' problem: Data stored on the cloud (cloud here means some servers that user don't know), Software services on the cloud (access via web browser), Based on standards and protocols (such as Linux, Ajax, LAMP), and Accessible from any device, especially phones. Cloud computing has 6 properties from Google's perspective :
1. User centric : Data that stored in cloud is yours also can share with others.
2. Task centric : Combine some applications in one application (For example Gmail integrates a chat feature for instant communication.)
3. Powerful : It can do that PC can't do
4. Accessible : can instantly get more information from different repositories.
5. Intelligent : massive data storage + massive data analysis = Google Intelligence
6. Programmable : Every piece of data is replicated three times. (Google's infrastructure)
What do peoples want from internet? Peoples want freedom, want their data anywhere they are. They want easy to learn and easy to use, especially their own data to be secure and not lost. People are using cloud services to find, share, create, and organize information. Cloud computing will be accessible not only on PCs but also telephones, automobiles, televisions, and appliances.
There are 4 attributes that solves users' problem: Data stored on the cloud (cloud here means some servers that user don't know), Software services on the cloud (access via web browser), Based on standards and protocols (such as Linux, Ajax, LAMP), and Accessible from any device, especially phones. Cloud computing has 6 properties from Google's perspective :
1. User centric : Data that stored in cloud is yours also can share with others.
2. Task centric : Combine some applications in one application (For example Gmail integrates a chat feature for instant communication.)
3. Powerful : It can do that PC can't do
4. Accessible : can instantly get more information from different repositories.
5. Intelligent : massive data storage + massive data analysis = Google Intelligence
6. Programmable : Every piece of data is replicated three times. (Google's infrastructure)
Summary : Evolutions of Cellular Phones by Nokia
The introduction of communication is dramatically changing our lives. The ability to communicate anytime, anywhere increases our quality of lives and improves our business productivity. Since invention "Talk to a box" in 1876 then people start to have more intensely to develop or invent in communication system. After "Talk to a box" in 1876, "Listen to a box" in 1896, "Watch a box" in 1925, "Command a box" in 1944, "Take the box with you" in 1980s. In 1996-2006, many applications are invented and developed. Nowadays peoples use the box to listen to the world, recording everything (what we see, say, feel, hear, etc.).
There's one dimension that Tirri (Researcher at Nokia) mentioned in Conference, PerComm 2007, is Participatory Sensing. The new invention is that mobile phones can show the Air Pollution tracking data (EPA), see the traffic using GPS, location of the car in parking lot, sports performance. Tirri said 5 keys technological challenges, they are Sensor data, Mobile connectivity, Integration, Power, and Scaling down.
There's one dimension that Tirri (Researcher at Nokia) mentioned in Conference, PerComm 2007, is Participatory Sensing. The new invention is that mobile phones can show the Air Pollution tracking data (EPA), see the traffic using GPS, location of the car in parking lot, sports performance. Tirri said 5 keys technological challenges, they are Sensor data, Mobile connectivity, Integration, Power, and Scaling down.
The rise of mobile telephony gives us the chance to observe the adoption of a new technology. Beyond providing insight into innovation, it affords us the chance to see how the innovation is accepted and how it causes the revision of existing values and practices.
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